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Cymbopogon nardus–mediated Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Prospects for Plant Disease Management

Alexander Galileo A. Baldeo, Ronaldo T. Alberto, Danila S. Paragas, Sofronio P. Kalaw

Abstract


Silver Nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis through traditional chemical methods has raised environmental concerns, leading to the development of alternate plant-mediated methods. One such plant source for the synthesis of AgNPs is Cymbopogon nardus L. (citronella) because of its abundance of phytochemicals. Oxygenated monoterpenoids, including citronellal and geraniol, assist in reducing the Ag⁺ form of silver to the Ag⁰ form and help stabilize nanoparticles during their formation. The size, polydispersity, and stability of AgNPs are influenced by the AgNO₃ concentration and the pH, temperature, and reaction time applied during their synthesis. AgNPs range in size from 10-50 nm and possess pronounced antibacterial and antifungal activities through mechanisms such as membrane disruption, the release of silver ions, and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which vary depending on the type of bacteria or fungus targeted by the AgNPs. Potential applications of AgNPs include seed treatments, foliar sprays, and soil pathogen control. Other factors that may influence the efficacy and safety of AgNPs include the potential for phytotoxicity and environmental transformations. This review provides an overview of the current body of research in this area and highlights the need for standardised protocols for AgNP synthesis, validation of the underlying mechanisms supporting the biologically active properties of AgNPs, and field level evaluation of the potential use of C. nardus-mediated AgNPs in plant disease management.

Keywords



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DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2026.07.015

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