A Preparation of Low-Temperature-Fired Sustainable Ceramic Tiles Using Municipal Waste Incineration Fly Ash, Green Glass Waste, and Lampang Kaolin
Abstract
งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ในการผลิตกระเบื้องเซรามิกอย่างยั่งยืน โดยใช้เถ้าลอยจากเตาเผาขยะชุมชน เศษแก้วสีเขียว และดินขาวลำปาง ออกแบบส่วนผสมด้วยส่วนผสมสามส่วน จำนวน 10 สูตร แบ่งออกเป็น 4 กลุ่ม ตามปริมาณเถ้าลอยร้อยละ 0 10 20 และ 30 ขึ้นรูปชิ้นงานด้วยเครื่องอัดแบบทางเดียว แรงดัน 10 เมกะปาสกาล เผาที่อุณหภูมิ 850 องศาเซลเซียส และ 950 องศาเซลเซียส ทดสอบคุณสมบัติทางกายภาพ ได้แก่ ความแข็งแรงดัด การดูดซึมน้ำ การหดตัวเชิงเส้น การสูญเสียน้ำหนักหลังเผา และความหนาแน่นรวม จากนั้นเปรียบเทียบคุณสมบัติตามมาตรฐาน EN 14411 ผลการทดลองพบว่าสูตรที่ไม่มีเถ้าลอยและมีเศษแก้วสีเขียวร้อยละ 60–70 เผาที่ 850 องศาเซลเซียส และร้อยละ 50–70 เผาที่ 950 องศาเซลเซียส สามารถผ่านเกณฑ์มาตรฐาน EN 14411 ทั้งด้านความแข็งแรงดัด และการดูดซึมน้ำ อีกทั้งสูตรที่มีเถ้าลอยร้อยละ 10 เผาที่ 850 องศาเซลเซียส และร้อยละ 20 เผาที่ 950 องศาเซลเซียส สามารถผ่านเกณฑ์มาตรฐาน EN 14411 ได้เช่นกัน การวิเคราะห์ด้วยกล้องจุลทรรศน์แบบออปติคัลแสดงการเกิดเฟสแก้ว และความหนาแน่นเพิ่มขึ้นตามอุณหภูมิการเผาที่สูงขึ้น นอกจากนี้ออกไซด์ฟลักซ์ที่มีแคลเซียมออกไซด์สูงจากเศษแก้ว และเถ้าลอยจากเตาเผาขยะชุมชนอาจช่วยส่งเสริมตรึงโลหะหนักภายในโครงสร้างเซรามิก ซึ่งสนับสนุนการผลิตกระเบื้องเซรามิกอย่างยั่งยืน การเผาที่ใช้พลังงานอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ และการใช้ประโยชน์จากของเสียอย่างมีประสิทธิผล
This study examines the feasibility of producing sustainable ceramic tiles using Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWI FA), Green Glass Waste (GGW), and Lampang Kaolin (LK). Ten experimental mixtures were formulated using a ternary mixture design and categorized into four series with MSWI FA contents of 0, 10, 20, and 30%, respectively. The specimens were uniaxially pressed at 10 MPa and subsequently fired at 850°C and 950°C. The physical properties, including flexural strength, water absorption, linear shrinkage, weight loss after firing, and bulk density, were evaluated. In addition, flexural strength and water absorption were compared with the requirements of the EN 14411 standard for ceramic tiles. The results indicate that mixtures without MSWI FA, containing 60–70% GGW when fired at 850°C and 50–70% GGW when fired at 950°C, satisfied the EN 14411 requirements for both flexural strength and water absorption. Moreover, mixtures incorporating 10% MSWI FA fired at 850°C and 20% MSWI FA fired at 950°C also met the EN 14411 criteria. Optical microscopy supported these findings by revealing enhanced glassy phase formation and increased densification at higher firing temperatures. Furthermore, the combined CaO-rich fluxing oxides derived from GGW and MSWI FA may facilitate the stabilization of hazardous heavy metals within the ceramic matrix, thereby supporting sustainable ceramic tile production, energy-efficient firing, and effective waste valorization.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.14416/j.kmutnb.2026.07.001
ISSN: 2985-2145
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